BIOTECHNOLOGICAL ADVANCEMENTS IN STREPTOKINASE PRODUCTION

http://dx.doi.org/10.31703/gdddr.2023(VIII-IV).05      10.31703/gdddr.2023(VIII-IV).05      Published : Dec 4
Authored by : Muhammad Asim , Faiza Mushtaq , Minahil Qadeer , Sidra Sarwar , Areej Ali , Maryam Ahmad

05 Pages : 46-60

References

  • Adayon, A. R., & Jamshidi, A. (2015). Esmaeili, Delivery of tissue plasminogen activator and streptokinase magnetic nanoparticles to target vascular diseases. International journal of pharmaceutics. 495(1): p. 428-438.
  • Aghaeepoor, M., Akbarzadeh, A., Kobarfard, F., Shabani, A. A, Dehnavi, E., Jamshidi, A. S., & Akbari, E. M. R. (2019). Optimization and High Level Production of Recombinant Synthetic Streptokinase in E. coli Using Response Surface Methodology. Iran J Pharm Res. Spring;18(2), 961-973. https://doi.org/10.22037/ijpr.2019.1100636
  • Aghaeepoor, M., et al., (2017). Optimization of culture media for extracellular expression of streptokinase in Escherichia coli using response surface methodology in combination with Plackett-Burman Design. Tropical Journal of Pharmaceutical Research, 16(11): p. 2567-2576.
  • Aguilera, A., et al., (2013). Formulation development of a recombinant Streptokinase suppository for hemorrhoids treatment. Biotecnologí a Aplicada, 30(3): p. 182-186.
  • Assiri, A. S, El-Gamal, B. A., Hafez, E. E., & Haidara, M.A. (2014). Production of recombinant streptokinase from Streptococcus pyogenes isolate and its potential for thrombolytic therapy. Saudi Med J. 35(12): 1482-8
  • Babashamsi, M. M. H., & Razavian, M. R. (2009). Nejadmoghaddam, Production and Purification of Streptokinase by Protected Affinity Chromatography. Avicenna Journal of Medical Biotechnology, 1(1), 47-51
  • Battershill P. E., Benfield, P., & Goa, K. L. (1994). Streptokinase. A review of its pharmacology and therapeutic efficacy in acute myocardial infarction in older patients. Drugs Aging, 4(1):63-86. https://doi.org/10.2165/00002512-199404010-00007
  • Betancourt, B. Y., et al. (2005). Pharmacovigilance program to monitor adverse reactions of recombinant streptokinase in acute myocardial infarction. BMC Clinical Pharmacology, 5: p. 1-7.
  • Deepika, G., Girish, S., & Debendra K. S. (2009). Enhanced production of recombinant streptokinase in Escherichia coli using fed- batch culture, Bioresource Technology, 100(19), 4468-4474, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2009.04.008
  • Ehab, E. D., Hend, O., Safia S., Sami, M. N., Hadeer A. E. K., & Mohamed, A. S. (2022). Optimization of high expression and purification of recombinant streptokinase and in vitro evaluation of its thrombolytic activity, Arabian Journal of Chemistry, 15(5). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arabjc.2022.103799.
  • Gonzalez, P. E., Omar, W., Patel, K., De Lemos, J. A., Bavry, A. A., Koshy, T., Mullasari, A., Alexander, T., Banerjee, S., & Kumbhani, D. J. (2020). Fibrinolytic strategy for ST- Segment–Elevation myocardial infarction. Circulation. Cardiovascular Interventions, 13(9). https://doi.org/10.1161/circinterventions.120.009622
  • Hagenson, M. et al. (1989). Expression of streptokinase in Pichia pastoris yeast. Enzyme and microbial technology, 11(10): p. 650-656.
  • Harvison, P. J. (2007). Streptokinase. In Elsevier eBooks (1–6). https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-008055232-3.62677-7
  • Jin, S. E., Kim, I. S., & Kim, C. K. (2015). Comparative effects of PEG-containing liposomal formulations on in vivo pharmacokinetics of streptokinase. Archives of pharmacal research, 38: p. 1822-1829.
  • Karimi, Z., et al., (2011). Fermentation, fractionation and purification of streptokinase by chemical reduction method. Iranian Journal of Microbiology, 3(1): p. 42.
  • Lee, B. R., et al., (1989). Site-specific alteration of Gly-24 in streptokinase: its effect on plasminogen activation. Biochemical and biophysical research communications, 165(3): p. 1085-1090.
  • Locke, M., et al., (2020). An international collaborative study to establish the WHO 4th International Standard for Streptokinase: Communication from the SSC of the ISTH. Journal of Thrombosis and Haemostasis, 18(6): 1501-1505.
  • Longstaff, C., Thelwell, C., & Whitton. (2005). The poor quality of streptokinase products in use in developing countries, Journal of Thrombosis and Haemostasis, 3(5), 1092- 1093, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1538-7836.2005.01271.x
  • Malke, H., & Ferretti, J. J. (1984). Streptokinase: cloning, expression, and excretion by Escherichia coli. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 81(11): p. 3557-3561
  • Modaresi, S. M. S., et al., (2014). Preparation and characterization of self-assembled chitosan nanoparticles for the sustained delivery of streptokinase: an in vivo study. Pharmaceutical development and technology, 19(5): p. 593-597
  • Monk, J. P., & Heel, R. C. (1987). Anisoylated Plasminogen Streptokinase Activator Complex (APSAC). Drugs 34, 25–49. https://doi.org/10.2165/00003495-198734010-00002
  • Perkins, W., et al., (1997). Streptokinase entrapment in interdigitation-fusion liposomes improves thrombolysis in an experimental rabbit model. Thrombosis and haemostasis, 77(06): 1174-1178.
  • Pimienta, E., Ayala, J.C., Rodríguez, C. et al. (2007). Recombinant production of Streptococcus equisimilis streptokinase by Streptomyces lividans. Microb Cell Fact 6, 20. https://doi.org/10.1186/1475-2859-6-20
  • Pimienta, E., et al. (2007). Recombinant production of Streptococcus equisimilis streptokinase by Streptomyces lividans. Microbial Cell Factories, 6: p. 1-8.
  • Pitek, A. S., et al., (2017). Elongated plant virus- based nanoparticles for enhanced delivery of thrombolytic therapies. Molecular pharmaceutics, 14(11): p. 3815-3823.
  • Pitek, A. S., et al., (2018). Delivery of thrombolytic therapy using rod-shaped plant viral nanoparticles decreases the risk of hemorrhage. Nanoscale, 10(35): p. 16547- 16555.
  • Sobel, B. E. (1987). Safety and Efficacy of Tissue- Type Plasminogen Activator Produced by Recombinant DNA Technology. SAFETY, 40: p. 4B.
  • Sohaimy, S., et al., (2011). Expression of recombinant Streptokinase from local Egyptian Streptococcus sp. SalMarEg. African Journal of Biotechnology, 10(45): p. 9001-9011.
  • Vaidya, B., et al., (2016). Development and characterization of highly selective target- sensitive liposomes for the delivery of streptokinase: in vitro/in vivo studies. Drug delivery, 23(3): p. 791-797.
  • Vellanki, R. N. et al. (2013). Constitutive optimized production of streptokinase in Saccharomyces cerevisiae utilizing glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase promoter of Pichia pastoris. BioMed Research International
  • Wu, X., Ye, R., Duan, Y., & Wong, S. L. (1998). Engineering of plasmin-resistant forms of streptokinase and their production in Bacillus subtilis: streptokinase with longer functional half-life. Appl Environ Microbiol. 64(3):824-9. https://doi.org/10.1128/AEM.64.3.824-829.1998
  • Yaghoobi, N., et al., (2017). Preparation, optimization and activity evaluation of PLGA/streptokinase nanoparticles using electrospray. Advanced Pharmaceutical Bulletin, 7(1): p. 131.
  • Yousaf, S., Arshad, M., Harraz, F. A., Masood, R., Zia, M. A., Jalalah, M., & Faisal, M. (2024). Evaluation of clinical efficacy of streptokinase by comparison with the thrombolytic agent on animal model. Braz J Biol. 26, 84:e271083. https://doi.org/10.1590/1519-6984.271083
  • Zhang, X., et al. (1999). Recombinant streptokinase production by fed-batch cultivation of Escherichia coli. Enzyme and Microbial Technology, 24(10): p. 647-650
  • Rafipour, M., Keramati, M., Aslani, M. M., Arashkia, A., & Roohvand, F. (2019). The β- domain of streptokinase affects several functionalities, including specific/proteolytic activity kinetics. FEBS Open Bio. 9(7):1259- 1269. https://doi.org/10.1002/2211-5463.12657
  • Kunamneni, A., Abdelghani, T. T. A., & Ellaiah, P. (2006). Streptokinase—the drug of choice for thrombolytic therapy. Journal of Thrombosis and Thrombolysis, 23(1), 9–23. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11239-006-9011-x
  • Akbar, G., Zia, M. A., Ahmad, A., Arooj, N., & Nusrat, S. (2020). Review on Streptokinase with its Antigenic Determinants and Perspectives to Develop its Recombinant Enzyme with Minimum Immunogenicity. Journal of Innovative Sciences, 6(1). https://doi.org/10.17582/journal.jis/2020/6.1.17.23
  • Aghaeepoor, M., Akbarzadeh, A., Kobarfard, F., Shabani, A. A., Dehnavi, E., Aval, S. J., & Eidgahi, M. R. A. (2019). Optimization and High Level Production of Recombinant Synthetic Streptokinase in E. coli Using Response Surface Methodology. PubMed, 18(2), 961–973. https://doi.org/10.22037/ijpr.2019.1100636
  • Ark, A., H., Latky, Obert, M., C., Aliff, C., D., Avid, Aylor, Erry, L., L., Ee, Aul, W., A., Rmstrong, Abriel, Arbash, Harvey, Hite, Aarten, L., S., Imoons, Charlotte, L., N., Elson, Ancy, Lapp, Hanning, J., D., Night, Rank, E., H., Arrell, Ohn, Imes, Ric, J., T., & Opol. (1995). Cost effectiveness of thrombolytic therapy with tissue plasminogen activator as compared with streptokinase for acute myocardial infarction. The New England journal of medicine, 332 21, 1418-24.
  • Bhardwaj S., & Angayarkanni J. (2015). Streptokinase production from Streptococcus dysgalactiae subsp. equisimilis SK-6 in the presence of surfactants, growth factors and trace elements. 3 Biotech. 5(2):187-193. . https://doi.org/10.1007/s13205-014-0209-x
  • Aghaeepoor, M., Akbarzadeh, A., Kobarfard, F., Shabani, A. A., Dehnavi, E., Aval, S. J., & Eidgahi, M. R. A. (2019b). Optimization and High Level Production of Recombinant Synthetic Streptokinase in E. coli Using Response Surface Methodology. PubMed, 18(2), 961–973. https://doi.org/10.22037/ijpr.2019.1100636
  • Tran, K., Gurramkonda, C., Cooper, M. A., Pilli, M., Taris, J. E., Selock, N., Han, T. C., Tolosa , M., Zuber, A., Peñalber-Johnstone, C., Dinkins, C., Pezeshk, N., Kostov, Y., Frey, D. D., Tolosa, L., Wood, D. W., & Rao, G. (2018). Cell-free production of a therapeutic protein: Expression, purification, and characterization of recombinant streptokinase using a CHO lysate. Biotechnol Bioeng. 115(1):92-102. https://doi.org/10.1002/bit.26439
  • Assiri, A. S., El-Gamal, B. A., Hafez, E. E., & Haidara, M. A. (2014). Production of recombinant streptokinase from Streptococcus pyogenes isolate and its potential for thrombolytic therapy. Saudi Med J. 35(12), 1482-8.
  • Dataintelo, S. R., & Dataintelo. (2023, September 2). Streptokinase Market Report | Global Forecast from 2023 to 2032. Dataintelo. https://dataintelo.com/report/global-streptokinase-market/
  • Renzo, P. K., Siiteri, B. L., & Hutchings, P. H. (1967). Bell, Preparation and Certain Properties of Highly Purified Streptokinase, Journal of Biological Chemistry, 242(3), 533- 542, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0021-9258(18)96306-4
  • Ghosh, S., Saha, S., & Sahoo, S. (2021). Production of Thrombolytic and Fibrinolytic Proteases: Current Advances and Future Prospective. In: Thatoi, H., Mohapatra, S., Das, S.K. (eds) Bioprospecting of Enzymes in Industry, Healthcare and Sustainable Environment. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-33-4195-1_17

References

  • Adayon, A. R., & Jamshidi, A. (2015). Esmaeili, Delivery of tissue plasminogen activator and streptokinase magnetic nanoparticles to target vascular diseases. International journal of pharmaceutics. 495(1): p. 428-438.
  • Aghaeepoor, M., Akbarzadeh, A., Kobarfard, F., Shabani, A. A, Dehnavi, E., Jamshidi, A. S., & Akbari, E. M. R. (2019). Optimization and High Level Production of Recombinant Synthetic Streptokinase in E. coli Using Response Surface Methodology. Iran J Pharm Res. Spring;18(2), 961-973. https://doi.org/10.22037/ijpr.2019.1100636
  • Aghaeepoor, M., et al., (2017). Optimization of culture media for extracellular expression of streptokinase in Escherichia coli using response surface methodology in combination with Plackett-Burman Design. Tropical Journal of Pharmaceutical Research, 16(11): p. 2567-2576.
  • Aguilera, A., et al., (2013). Formulation development of a recombinant Streptokinase suppository for hemorrhoids treatment. Biotecnologí a Aplicada, 30(3): p. 182-186.
  • Assiri, A. S, El-Gamal, B. A., Hafez, E. E., & Haidara, M.A. (2014). Production of recombinant streptokinase from Streptococcus pyogenes isolate and its potential for thrombolytic therapy. Saudi Med J. 35(12): 1482-8
  • Babashamsi, M. M. H., & Razavian, M. R. (2009). Nejadmoghaddam, Production and Purification of Streptokinase by Protected Affinity Chromatography. Avicenna Journal of Medical Biotechnology, 1(1), 47-51
  • Battershill P. E., Benfield, P., & Goa, K. L. (1994). Streptokinase. A review of its pharmacology and therapeutic efficacy in acute myocardial infarction in older patients. Drugs Aging, 4(1):63-86. https://doi.org/10.2165/00002512-199404010-00007
  • Betancourt, B. Y., et al. (2005). Pharmacovigilance program to monitor adverse reactions of recombinant streptokinase in acute myocardial infarction. BMC Clinical Pharmacology, 5: p. 1-7.
  • Deepika, G., Girish, S., & Debendra K. S. (2009). Enhanced production of recombinant streptokinase in Escherichia coli using fed- batch culture, Bioresource Technology, 100(19), 4468-4474, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2009.04.008
  • Ehab, E. D., Hend, O., Safia S., Sami, M. N., Hadeer A. E. K., & Mohamed, A. S. (2022). Optimization of high expression and purification of recombinant streptokinase and in vitro evaluation of its thrombolytic activity, Arabian Journal of Chemistry, 15(5). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arabjc.2022.103799.
  • Gonzalez, P. E., Omar, W., Patel, K., De Lemos, J. A., Bavry, A. A., Koshy, T., Mullasari, A., Alexander, T., Banerjee, S., & Kumbhani, D. J. (2020). Fibrinolytic strategy for ST- Segment–Elevation myocardial infarction. Circulation. Cardiovascular Interventions, 13(9). https://doi.org/10.1161/circinterventions.120.009622
  • Hagenson, M. et al. (1989). Expression of streptokinase in Pichia pastoris yeast. Enzyme and microbial technology, 11(10): p. 650-656.
  • Harvison, P. J. (2007). Streptokinase. In Elsevier eBooks (1–6). https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-008055232-3.62677-7
  • Jin, S. E., Kim, I. S., & Kim, C. K. (2015). Comparative effects of PEG-containing liposomal formulations on in vivo pharmacokinetics of streptokinase. Archives of pharmacal research, 38: p. 1822-1829.
  • Karimi, Z., et al., (2011). Fermentation, fractionation and purification of streptokinase by chemical reduction method. Iranian Journal of Microbiology, 3(1): p. 42.
  • Lee, B. R., et al., (1989). Site-specific alteration of Gly-24 in streptokinase: its effect on plasminogen activation. Biochemical and biophysical research communications, 165(3): p. 1085-1090.
  • Locke, M., et al., (2020). An international collaborative study to establish the WHO 4th International Standard for Streptokinase: Communication from the SSC of the ISTH. Journal of Thrombosis and Haemostasis, 18(6): 1501-1505.
  • Longstaff, C., Thelwell, C., & Whitton. (2005). The poor quality of streptokinase products in use in developing countries, Journal of Thrombosis and Haemostasis, 3(5), 1092- 1093, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1538-7836.2005.01271.x
  • Malke, H., & Ferretti, J. J. (1984). Streptokinase: cloning, expression, and excretion by Escherichia coli. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 81(11): p. 3557-3561
  • Modaresi, S. M. S., et al., (2014). Preparation and characterization of self-assembled chitosan nanoparticles for the sustained delivery of streptokinase: an in vivo study. Pharmaceutical development and technology, 19(5): p. 593-597
  • Monk, J. P., & Heel, R. C. (1987). Anisoylated Plasminogen Streptokinase Activator Complex (APSAC). Drugs 34, 25–49. https://doi.org/10.2165/00003495-198734010-00002
  • Perkins, W., et al., (1997). Streptokinase entrapment in interdigitation-fusion liposomes improves thrombolysis in an experimental rabbit model. Thrombosis and haemostasis, 77(06): 1174-1178.
  • Pimienta, E., Ayala, J.C., Rodríguez, C. et al. (2007). Recombinant production of Streptococcus equisimilis streptokinase by Streptomyces lividans. Microb Cell Fact 6, 20. https://doi.org/10.1186/1475-2859-6-20
  • Pimienta, E., et al. (2007). Recombinant production of Streptococcus equisimilis streptokinase by Streptomyces lividans. Microbial Cell Factories, 6: p. 1-8.
  • Pitek, A. S., et al., (2017). Elongated plant virus- based nanoparticles for enhanced delivery of thrombolytic therapies. Molecular pharmaceutics, 14(11): p. 3815-3823.
  • Pitek, A. S., et al., (2018). Delivery of thrombolytic therapy using rod-shaped plant viral nanoparticles decreases the risk of hemorrhage. Nanoscale, 10(35): p. 16547- 16555.
  • Sobel, B. E. (1987). Safety and Efficacy of Tissue- Type Plasminogen Activator Produced by Recombinant DNA Technology. SAFETY, 40: p. 4B.
  • Sohaimy, S., et al., (2011). Expression of recombinant Streptokinase from local Egyptian Streptococcus sp. SalMarEg. African Journal of Biotechnology, 10(45): p. 9001-9011.
  • Vaidya, B., et al., (2016). Development and characterization of highly selective target- sensitive liposomes for the delivery of streptokinase: in vitro/in vivo studies. Drug delivery, 23(3): p. 791-797.
  • Vellanki, R. N. et al. (2013). Constitutive optimized production of streptokinase in Saccharomyces cerevisiae utilizing glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase promoter of Pichia pastoris. BioMed Research International
  • Wu, X., Ye, R., Duan, Y., & Wong, S. L. (1998). Engineering of plasmin-resistant forms of streptokinase and their production in Bacillus subtilis: streptokinase with longer functional half-life. Appl Environ Microbiol. 64(3):824-9. https://doi.org/10.1128/AEM.64.3.824-829.1998
  • Yaghoobi, N., et al., (2017). Preparation, optimization and activity evaluation of PLGA/streptokinase nanoparticles using electrospray. Advanced Pharmaceutical Bulletin, 7(1): p. 131.
  • Yousaf, S., Arshad, M., Harraz, F. A., Masood, R., Zia, M. A., Jalalah, M., & Faisal, M. (2024). Evaluation of clinical efficacy of streptokinase by comparison with the thrombolytic agent on animal model. Braz J Biol. 26, 84:e271083. https://doi.org/10.1590/1519-6984.271083
  • Zhang, X., et al. (1999). Recombinant streptokinase production by fed-batch cultivation of Escherichia coli. Enzyme and Microbial Technology, 24(10): p. 647-650
  • Rafipour, M., Keramati, M., Aslani, M. M., Arashkia, A., & Roohvand, F. (2019). The β- domain of streptokinase affects several functionalities, including specific/proteolytic activity kinetics. FEBS Open Bio. 9(7):1259- 1269. https://doi.org/10.1002/2211-5463.12657
  • Kunamneni, A., Abdelghani, T. T. A., & Ellaiah, P. (2006). Streptokinase—the drug of choice for thrombolytic therapy. Journal of Thrombosis and Thrombolysis, 23(1), 9–23. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11239-006-9011-x
  • Akbar, G., Zia, M. A., Ahmad, A., Arooj, N., & Nusrat, S. (2020). Review on Streptokinase with its Antigenic Determinants and Perspectives to Develop its Recombinant Enzyme with Minimum Immunogenicity. Journal of Innovative Sciences, 6(1). https://doi.org/10.17582/journal.jis/2020/6.1.17.23
  • Aghaeepoor, M., Akbarzadeh, A., Kobarfard, F., Shabani, A. A., Dehnavi, E., Aval, S. J., & Eidgahi, M. R. A. (2019). Optimization and High Level Production of Recombinant Synthetic Streptokinase in E. coli Using Response Surface Methodology. PubMed, 18(2), 961–973. https://doi.org/10.22037/ijpr.2019.1100636
  • Ark, A., H., Latky, Obert, M., C., Aliff, C., D., Avid, Aylor, Erry, L., L., Ee, Aul, W., A., Rmstrong, Abriel, Arbash, Harvey, Hite, Aarten, L., S., Imoons, Charlotte, L., N., Elson, Ancy, Lapp, Hanning, J., D., Night, Rank, E., H., Arrell, Ohn, Imes, Ric, J., T., & Opol. (1995). Cost effectiveness of thrombolytic therapy with tissue plasminogen activator as compared with streptokinase for acute myocardial infarction. The New England journal of medicine, 332 21, 1418-24.
  • Bhardwaj S., & Angayarkanni J. (2015). Streptokinase production from Streptococcus dysgalactiae subsp. equisimilis SK-6 in the presence of surfactants, growth factors and trace elements. 3 Biotech. 5(2):187-193. . https://doi.org/10.1007/s13205-014-0209-x
  • Aghaeepoor, M., Akbarzadeh, A., Kobarfard, F., Shabani, A. A., Dehnavi, E., Aval, S. J., & Eidgahi, M. R. A. (2019b). Optimization and High Level Production of Recombinant Synthetic Streptokinase in E. coli Using Response Surface Methodology. PubMed, 18(2), 961–973. https://doi.org/10.22037/ijpr.2019.1100636
  • Tran, K., Gurramkonda, C., Cooper, M. A., Pilli, M., Taris, J. E., Selock, N., Han, T. C., Tolosa , M., Zuber, A., Peñalber-Johnstone, C., Dinkins, C., Pezeshk, N., Kostov, Y., Frey, D. D., Tolosa, L., Wood, D. W., & Rao, G. (2018). Cell-free production of a therapeutic protein: Expression, purification, and characterization of recombinant streptokinase using a CHO lysate. Biotechnol Bioeng. 115(1):92-102. https://doi.org/10.1002/bit.26439
  • Assiri, A. S., El-Gamal, B. A., Hafez, E. E., & Haidara, M. A. (2014). Production of recombinant streptokinase from Streptococcus pyogenes isolate and its potential for thrombolytic therapy. Saudi Med J. 35(12), 1482-8.
  • Dataintelo, S. R., & Dataintelo. (2023, September 2). Streptokinase Market Report | Global Forecast from 2023 to 2032. Dataintelo. https://dataintelo.com/report/global-streptokinase-market/
  • Renzo, P. K., Siiteri, B. L., & Hutchings, P. H. (1967). Bell, Preparation and Certain Properties of Highly Purified Streptokinase, Journal of Biological Chemistry, 242(3), 533- 542, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0021-9258(18)96306-4
  • Ghosh, S., Saha, S., & Sahoo, S. (2021). Production of Thrombolytic and Fibrinolytic Proteases: Current Advances and Future Prospective. In: Thatoi, H., Mohapatra, S., Das, S.K. (eds) Bioprospecting of Enzymes in Industry, Healthcare and Sustainable Environment. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-33-4195-1_17

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APA

CHICAGO

    CHICAGO : Asim, Muhammad, Faiza Mushtaq, and Minahil Qadeer. 2023. "Biotechnological Advancements in Streptokinase Production." Global Drug Design & Development Review, VIII (IV): 46-60 doi: 10.31703/gdddr.2023(VIII-IV).05

HARVARD

    HARVARD : ASIM, M., MUSHTAQ, F. & QADEER, M. 2023. Biotechnological Advancements in Streptokinase Production. Global Drug Design & Development Review, VIII, 46-60.

MHRA

    MHRA : Asim, Muhammad, Faiza Mushtaq, and Minahil Qadeer. 2023. "Biotechnological Advancements in Streptokinase Production." Global Drug Design & Development Review, VIII: 46-60

MLA

    MLA : Asim, Muhammad, Faiza Mushtaq, and Minahil Qadeer. "Biotechnological Advancements in Streptokinase Production." Global Drug Design & Development Review, VIII.IV (2023): 46-60 Print.

OXFORD

    OXFORD : Asim, Muhammad, Mushtaq, Faiza, and Qadeer, Minahil (2023), "Biotechnological Advancements in Streptokinase Production", Global Drug Design & Development Review, VIII (IV), 46-60

TURABIAN

    TURABIAN : Asim, Muhammad, Faiza Mushtaq, and Minahil Qadeer. "Biotechnological Advancements in Streptokinase Production." Global Drug Design & Development Review VIII, no. IV (2023): 46-60. https://doi.org/10.31703/gdddr.2023(VIII-IV).05