ARTICLE

PREVALENCE OF GENERALIZED ANXIETY DISORDER IN CANNABIS ABUSERS PRESENTING TO PSYCHIATRY OPD KHYBER TEACHING HOSPITAL

  1. HOME
  2. ARTICLE

02 Pages : 14-22

http://dx.doi.org/10.31703/gdddr.2023(VIII-III).02      10.31703/gdddr.2023(VIII-III).02      Published : Sep 2023

Prevalence of Generalized Anxiety Disorder in Cannabis Abusers Presenting to Psychiatry OPD Khyber Teaching Hospital

Abstract

    The aim of the study was to investigate the relationship between generalized anxiety disorder and cannabis usage within the general population. Furthermore, the study aimed to explore the levels of generalized anxiety disorder among individuals with different demographic characteristics associated with cannabis use. A total of 123 individuals with a history of cannabis use participated in the study. Data were collected from male participants aged 18 and above at the Khyber Teaching Hospital OPD. A standardized Urdu‐translated version of the Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD) scale was utilized to assess symptoms of generalized anxiety disorder. The findings revealed that various demographic characteristics, such as younger age, education level, and socioeconomic status, were significantly associated with generalized anxiety disorder. This suggests that younger individuals with lower levels of education and socioeconomic status were more vulnerable to developing anxiety symptoms among cannabis users. The study's findings may be beneficial for targeted interventions and for identifying the challenges faced by individuals from various demographic backgrounds who use cannabis.

    Cannabis Abuse, Anxiety Disorders, GAD

    (1) Taimur Khan
    Post Graduate Resident, Department of Psychiatry, Khyber Teaching Hospital, Peshawar, KP, Pakistan.
    (2) Shandana Qazi
    Post Graduate Resident, Department of Psychiatry, Khyber Teaching Hospital, Peshawar, KP, Pakistan.
    (3) Abdul Shakoor
    Post Graduate Resident, Department of Psychiatry, Khyber Teaching Hospital, Peshawar, KP, Pakistan.
    (4) Shah Fahad
    Post Graduate Resident, Department of Psychiatry, Khyber Teaching Hospital, Peshawar, KP, Pakistan.
Fulltext PDF

References

  • Brown, T. A., Chorpita, B. F., & Barlow, D. H. J. J. O. A. P. (1998). Structural relationships among dimensions of the DSM‐IV anxiety and mood disorders and dimensions of negative affect, positive affect, and autonomic arousal. 107(2), 179. https://doi.org/10.1037//0021‐843x.107.2.179
  • Buckner, J. D., Timpano, K. R., Zvolensky, M. J., Sachs‐Ericsson, N., & Schmidt, N. B. (2008). Implications of comorbid alcohol dependence among individuals with social anxiety disorder. Depression Anxiety, 25(12), 1028‐1037. https://doi.org/10.1002/da.20442
  • Butnoriene, J., Bunevicius, A., Saudargiene, A., Nemeroff, C. B., Norkus, A., Ciceniene, V., & Bunevicius, R. (2015). Metabolic syndrome, major depression, generalized anxiety disorder, and ten‐year all‐cause and cardiovascular mortality in middle aged and elderly patients. International Journal of Cardiology, 190, 360‐366. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijcard.2015.04.122
  • Compton, W. M., Conway, K. P., Stinson, F. S., Colliver, J. D., & Grant, B. F. (2005). Prevalence, correlates, and comorbidity of DSM‐IV antisocial personality syndromes and alcohol and specific drug use disorders in the United States: results from the national epidemiologic survey on alcohol and related conditions. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 66(6), 677‐685. https://doi.org/10.4088/jcp.v66n0602
  • Crippa, J. A., Zuardi, A. W., Martín‐Santos, R., Bhattacharyya, S., Atakan, Z., McGuire, P., & Fusar‐Poli, P. (2009). Cannabis and anxiety: a critical review of the evidence. Human Psychopharmacology: Clinical Experimental, 24(7), 515‐523. https://doi.org/10.1002/hup.1048
  • Degenhardt, L., Chiu, W. T., Sampson, N., Kessler, R. C., Anthony, J. C., Angermeyer, M., Huang, Y. (2008). Toward a global view of alcohol, tobacco, cannabis, and cocaine use: findings from the WHO World Mental Health Surveys. PLoS Medicine, 5(7), e141. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.0050141
  • Degenhardt, L., Ferrari, A. J., Calabria, B., Hall, W. D., Norman, R. E., McGrath, J., Whiteford, H. A. J. P. O. (2013). The global epidemiology and contribution of cannabis use and dependence to the global burden of disease: results from the GBD 2010 study. 8(10), e76635. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0076635
  • Degenhardt, L., & Hall, W. (2012). Extent of illicit drug use and dependence, and their contribution to the global burden of disease. The Lancet, 379(9810), 55‐70. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140‐6736(11)61138‐0
  • Falk, D. E., Yi, H. y., & Hilton, M. E. (2008). Age of onset and temporal sequencing of lifetime DSM‐IV alcohol use disorders relative to comorbid mood and anxiety disorders. Drug Alcohol Dependence, 94(1‐3), 234‐245. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2007.11.022
  • Fergusson, D. M., & Woodward, L. J. (2002). Mental health, educational, and social role outcomes of adolescents with depression. Archives of General Psychiatry, 59(3), 225‐ 231. https://doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.59.3.225
  • Friedrich, M. J. (2017). Depression is the leading cause of disability around the world. JAMA, 317(15), 1517‐1517. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2017.3826
  • Glantz, M. D., Anthony, J. C., Berglund, P. A., Degenhardt, L., Dierker, L., Kalaydjian, A., Kessler, R. C. (2009). Mental disorders as risk factors for later substance dependence: estimates of optimal prevention and treatment benefits. Psychological Medicine, 39(8), 1365‐1377. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291708004510
  • Grobe, T., Steinmann, S., & Gerr, J. (2011). Veröffentlichungen zum betrieblichen Gesundheitsmanagement der Techniker Krankenkasse. Gesundheitsreport 2011, 26.
  • Hafi, S. B. B., Hayat, N., Qureshi, N., Tanzeem, T., Jovindah, S., & Hafeez, H. Comparison of Current Screening for Prevalence of Depression and Anxiety with Standardized Screening Tools I Patient Health Questionnaire‐9 and Generalized Anxiety Disorder‐7 among Adult Inpatients at Shaukat Khanum Memorial Cancer Hospital and Research Centre. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0263027
  • Morisano, D., Babor, T. F., & Robaina, K. A. (2014). Co‐occurrence of substance use disorders with other psychiatric disorders: Implications for treatment services. Nordic Studies on Alcohol Drugs, 31(1), 5‐25. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsat.2006.11.013
  • Stein, M. B., & Sareen, J. (2015). Generalized anxiety disorder. New England Journal of Medicine, 373(21), 2059‐2068.
  • Swendsen, J. D., Merikangas, K. R., Canino, G. J., Kessler, R. C., Rubio‐Stipec, M., & Angst, J. (1998). The comorbidity of alcoholism with anxiety and depressive disorders in four geographic communities. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 39(4), 176‐184. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0010‐440x(98)90058‐x
  • Temple, E. C., Driver, M., & Brown, R. F. (2014). Cannabis use and anxiety: is stress the missing piece of the puzzle? Frontiers in Psychiatry, 5, 57159. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2014.00168
  • Wittchen, H.‐U., Jacobi, F., Rehm, J., Gustavsson, A., Svensson, M., Jönsson, B., Faravelli, C. (2011). The size and burden of mental disorders and other disorders of the brain in Europe 2010. European Neuropsychopharmacology, 21(9), 655‐679. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.euroneuro.2011.07.018
  • Woodward, L. J., & Fergusson, D. M. (2001). Life course outcomes of young people with anxiety disorders in adolescence. Journal of the American Academy of Child Adolescent Psychiatry, 40(9), 1086‐1093. https://doi.org/10.1097/00004583‐200109000‐00018
  • Zaman, S., Hussain, B., Irfan, S., Khattak, A. Z., & Shaheen, A. (2022). Sociodemographic characteristics and related factors of substance use in Pakistan; a retrospective study. Journal of Substance Use, 1‐6. https://doi.org/10.1080/14659891.2022.2139304
  • Zimmermann, P., Wittchen, H.‐U., Höfler, M., Pfister, H., Kessler, R. C., & Lieb, R. (2003). Primary anxiety disorders and the development of subsequent alcohol use disorders: a 4‐year community study of adolescents and young adults. Psychological Medicine, 33(7), 1211‐1222. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0033291703008158

Cite this article

APA

    APA : Khan, T., Qazi, S., & Shakoor, A. (2023). Prevalence of Generalized Anxiety Disorder in Cannabis Abusers Presenting to Psychiatry OPD Khyber Teaching Hospital. Global Drug Design & Development Review, VIII(III), 14-22. https://doi.org/10.31703/gdddr.2023(VIII-III).02

CHICAGO

    CHICAGO : Khan, Taimur, Shandana Qazi, and Abdul Shakoor. 2023. "Prevalence of Generalized Anxiety Disorder in Cannabis Abusers Presenting to Psychiatry OPD Khyber Teaching Hospital." Global Drug Design & Development Review, VIII (III): 14-22 doi: 10.31703/gdddr.2023(VIII-III).02

HARVARD

    HARVARD : KHAN, T., QAZI, S. & SHAKOOR, A. 2023. Prevalence of Generalized Anxiety Disorder in Cannabis Abusers Presenting to Psychiatry OPD Khyber Teaching Hospital. Global Drug Design & Development Review, VIII, 14-22.

MHRA

    MHRA : Khan, Taimur, Shandana Qazi, and Abdul Shakoor. 2023. "Prevalence of Generalized Anxiety Disorder in Cannabis Abusers Presenting to Psychiatry OPD Khyber Teaching Hospital." Global Drug Design & Development Review, VIII: 14-22

MLA

    MLA : Khan, Taimur, Shandana Qazi, and Abdul Shakoor. "Prevalence of Generalized Anxiety Disorder in Cannabis Abusers Presenting to Psychiatry OPD Khyber Teaching Hospital." Global Drug Design & Development Review, VIII.III (2023): 14-22 Print.

OXFORD

    OXFORD : Khan, Taimur, Qazi, Shandana, and Shakoor, Abdul (2023), "Prevalence of Generalized Anxiety Disorder in Cannabis Abusers Presenting to Psychiatry OPD Khyber Teaching Hospital", Global Drug Design & Development Review, VIII (III), 14-22

TURABIAN

    TURABIAN : Khan, Taimur, Shandana Qazi, and Abdul Shakoor. "Prevalence of Generalized Anxiety Disorder in Cannabis Abusers Presenting to Psychiatry OPD Khyber Teaching Hospital." Global Drug Design & Development Review VIII, no. III (2023): 14-22. https://doi.org/10.31703/gdddr.2023(VIII-III).02