PRESCRIBING PRACTICES OF BROADSPECTRUM ANTIBIOTICS IN TERTIARY CARE HOSPITAL

http://dx.doi.org/10.31703/gdddr.2023(VIII-III).04      10.31703/gdddr.2023(VIII-III).04      Published : Sep 3
Authored by : Ahmad Ali , Maria Naz Bakhtiari , Amna Shahid

04 Pages : 34-46

References

  • Agarwal, A.K., Tunison, K., Mitsche, M.A., McDonald, J.G., & Garg, A. (2019). Insights into lipid accumulation in skeletal muscle in dysferlin-deficient mice. Journal of lipid research 60, 2057-2073. https://doi.org/10.1194/jlr.RA119000399
  • Ahmad, H.I., Ahmad, M.J., Adeel, M.M., Asif, A.R., & Du, X. (2018). Positive selection drives the evolution of endocrine regulatory bone morphogenetic protein system in mammals. Oncotarget 9, 18435-18445. https://doi.org/10.18632/oncotarget.24240
  • Ahmad, H.I., Liu, G., Jiang, X., Liu, C., Chong, Y., & Huarong, H. (2017). Adaptive molecular evolution of MC1R gene reveals the evidence for positive diversifying selection in indigenous goat populations. Ecology and evolution 7, 5170-5180. https://doi.org/10.1002/ece3.2919
  • Ahmad, H.I., Liu, G.Q., Jiang, X.P., Liu, C.H., Chong, Y.Q., & Huang, H.R. (2017). Adaptive molecular evolution of MC1R gene reveals the evidence for positive diversifying selection in indigenous goat populations. Ecology and evolution 7, 5170-5180. https://doi.org/10.1002/ece3.2919
  • Ahmad, M.J., Ahmad, H.I., Adeel, M.M., Liang, A., Hua, G., Murtaza, S., Mirza, R.H., Elokil, A., Ullah, F., & Yang, L. (2019). Evolutionary Analysis of Makorin Ring Finger Protein 3 Reveals Positive Selection in Mammals. Evolutionary bioinformatics online 15, 1176934319834612. https://doi.org/10.1177/1176934319834612
  • Arbuckle, K. (2020). From molecules to macroevolution: Venom as a model system for evolutionary biology across levels of life. Toxicon: X 6, 100034. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.toxcx.2020.100034
  • Asif, A.R., Awais, M., Qadri, S., Ahmad, H.I., & Du, X. (2017). Positive selection of IL-33 in adaptive immunity of domestic Chinese goats. Ecology and evolution 7, 1954-1963. https://doi.org/10.1002/ece3.2813
  • Auclair, S., Rossetti, R., Meslin, C., Monestier, O., Di Pasquale, E., Pascal, G., Persani, L., & Fabre, S. (2013). Positive selection in bone morphogenetic protein 15 targets a natural mutation associated with primary ovarian insufficiency in human. PloS one 8, e78199. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0078199
  • Bakiu, R., Korro, K., & Santovito, G. (2015). Positive selection effects on the biochemical properties of mammal pyroglutamylated RFamide peptide receptor (QRFPR). Italian Journal of Zoology 82, 309-326. https://doi.org/10.1080/11250003.2015.1018352
  • Ball, G.F., & Balthazart, J. (2021). Evolutionary neuroscience: Are the brains of birds and mammals really so different? Current biology: CB 31, R840-R842. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2021.05.004
  • Barbour, K.W., Xing, Y.Y., Pena, E.A., & Berger, F.G. (2013). Characterization of the bipartite degron that regulates ubiquitin-independent degradation of thymidylate synthase. Bioscience Reports 33, 165-173. https://doi.org/10.1042/BSR20120112
  • Bartakova, V., Bryjova, A., Nicolas, V., Lavrenchenko, L.A., & Bryja, J. (2021). Mitogenomics of the endemic Ethiopian rats: looking for footprints of adaptive evolution in sky islands. Mitochondrion 57, 182-191. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mito.2020.12.015
  • Bovenhuis, H., Visker, M., Poulsen, N.A., Sehested, J., van Valenberg, H., van Arendonk, J., Larsen, L.B., & Buitenhuis, A.J. (2016). Effects of the diacylglycerol o- acyltransferase 1 (DGAT1) K232A polymorphism on fatty acid, protein, and mineral composition of dairy cattle milk. Journal of Dairy Science 99, 3113-3123. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2015-10462
  • Canon-Beltran, K., Giraldo-Giraldo, J., Cajas, Y.N., Beltran-Brena, P., Hidalgo, C.O., Vasquez, N., Leal, C.L.V., Gutierrez-Adan, A., Gonzalez, E.M., & Rizos, D. (2020). Inhibiting diacylglycerol acyltransferase-1 reduces lipid biosynthesis in bovine blastocysts produced in vitro. Theriogenology 158, 267-276. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.theriogenology.2020.09.014
  • Chitraju, C., Walther, T.C., Farese, & R.V., Jr. (2019). The triglyceride synthesis enzymes DGAT1 and DGAT2 have distinct and overlapping functions in adipocytes. Journal of lipid research 60, 1112-1120. https://doi.org/10.1194/jlr.M093112
  • Da, S.V.D., Polveiro, R.C., Butler, T.J., Hackett, T.A., Braga, C.P., Puniya, B.L., Teixeira, W.F.P., de, M.P.P., Adamec, J., & Feitosa, F.L.F. (2021). An in silico, structural, and biological analysis of lactoferrin of different mammals. International journal of biological macromolecules 187, 119-126. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.07.102
  • Farmanullah, Hosseini, S.M., Liang, A., Hua, G., Rehman, Z.U., Talpur, H.S., Salim, M., Ahmad, S., Abulaiti, A., Khan, M., Safdar, M., Kakar, I.U., Ahmad, Z., Ahmad, M.Z., Tingzhu, Y., Schreurs, N.M., Bano, I., & Yang, L. (2020). Adaptive Molecular Evolution of AKT3 Gene for Positive Diversifying Selection in Mammals. BioMed research international 2020, 2584627. https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/2584627
  • Franceschini, A., Szklarczyk, D., Frankild, S., Kuhn, M., Simonovic, M., Roth, A., Lin, J., Minguez, P., Bork, P., von Mering, C., & Jensen, L.J. (2013). STRING v9.1: protein- protein interaction networks, with increased coverage and integration. Nucleic acids research 41, D808-815. https://doi.org/10.1093/nar/gks1094
  • Goto, H., Miyamoto, M., & Kihara, A. (2021). Direct uptake of sphingosine-1-phosphate independent of phospholipid phosphatases. The Journal of Biological Chemistry 296, 100605. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbc.2021.100605
  • Hua, C., Geng, Y., Niu, L., Chen, Q., Cai, L., Tao, S., Ni, Y., & Zhao, R. (2018). Stimulating lipolysis in subcutaneous adipose tissues by chronic dexamethasone administration in goats. Livestock Science 214, 62-67. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.livsci.2018.05.020
  • Jakobiec, F.A., Barrantes, P.C., Yonekawa, Y., Lad, E.M., & Proia, A.D. (2021). Subretinal Mononuclear Cells in Coats' Disease Studied with RPE65 and CD163: Evidence for Histiocytoid Pigment Epithelial Cells. American journal of ophthalmology 222, 388-396. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajo.2020.09.020
  • Jay, A.G., Simard, J.R., Huang, N., & Hamilton, J.A. (2020). SSO and other putative inhibitors of FA transport across membranes by CD36 disrupt intracellular metabolism, but do not affect FA translocation. Journal of lipid research 61, 790-807. https://doi.org/10.1194/jlr.RA120000648
  • Karis, P., Jaakson, H., Ling, K., Bruckmaier, R.M., Gross, J.J., Parn, P., Kaart, T., & Ots, M. (2020). Body condition and insulin resistance interactions with periparturient gene expression in adipose tissue and lipid metabolism in dairy cows. Journal of Dairy Science 103, 3708-3718. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2019-17373
  • Li, H., Zhao, X., Wang, J., Zong, M., & Yang, H. (2017). Bioinformatics analysis of gene expression profile data to screen key genes involved in pulmonary sarcoidosis. Gene 596, 98-104. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gene.2016.09.037
  • Liu, J., Wang, Z., Li, J., Li, H., & Yang, L. (2020). Genome-wide identification of Diacylglycerol Acyltransferases (DGAT) family genes influencing Milk production in Buffalo. BMC genetics 21, 26. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12863-020-0832-y
  • Ma, D., Wang, Z., Merrikh, C.N., Lang, K.S., Lu, P., Li, X., Merrikh, H., Rao, Z., & Xu, W. (2018). Crystal structure of a membrane- bound O-acyltransferase. Nature 562, 286- 290. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-018- 0568-2
  • Madende, M., & Osthoff, G. (2019). Comparative genomics of casein genes. The Journal of Dairy Research 86, 323-330.Madende, M., & Osthoff, G. (2019). Comparative genomics of casein genes. Th. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022029919000414
  • Maraschin, F.D.S., Kulcheski, F.R., Segatto, A.L.A., Trenz, T.S., Barrientos-Diaz, O., Margis-Pinheiro, M., Margis, R., & Turchetto-Zolet, A.C. (2019). Enzymes of glycerol-3-phosphate pathway in triacylglycerol synthesis in plants: Function, biotechnological application and evolution. Progress in lipid research 73, 46-64. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.plipres.2018.12.001
  • Mulaudzi-Masuku, T., Ikebudu, V., Muthevhuli, M., Faro, A., Gehring, C.A., & Iwuoha, E. (2019). Characterization and Expression Analysis of Heme Oxygenase Genes from Sorghum bicolor. Bioinformatics and biology insights 13, 1177932219860813. https://doi.org/10.1177/1177932219860813
  • Onodera, W., Asahi, T., & Sawamura, N. (2019). Positive selection of cereblon modified function including its E3 ubiquitin ligase activity and binding efficiency with AMPK. Molecular phylogenetics and evolution 135, 78-85. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2019.03.001
  • Pasquali, C.C., Islam, Z., Adamoski, D., Ferreira, I.M., Righeto, R.D., Bettini, J., Portugal, R.V., Yue, W.W.-y., Gonzalez, A., Dias, S.M.G., & Ambrosio, A.L.B. (2017). The origin and evolution of human glutaminases and their atypical C-terminal ankyrin repeats. Journal of Biological Chemistry 292, 11572-11585. https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.M117.787291
  • Pond, S.K., & Muse, S.V. (2005). Site-to-site variation of synonymous substitution rates. Molecular biology and evolution 22, 2375- 2385. https://doi.org/10.1093/molbev/msi232
  • Rao, V.S., Srinivas, K., Sujini, G.N., & Kumar, G.N. (2014). Protein-protein interaction detection: methods and analysis. International journal of proteomics 2014, 147648. https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/147648
  • Tabaran, A., Balteanu, V.A., Gal, E., Pusta, D., Mihaiu, R., Dan, S.D., Tabaran, A.F., & Mihaiu, M. (2015). Influence of DGAT1 K232A polymorphism on milk fat percentage and fatty acid profiles in Romanian Holstein cattle. Animal biotechnology 26, 105-111. https://doi.org/10.1080/10495398.2014.933740
  • Tamura, K., Stecher, G., Peterson, D., Filipski, A., & Kumar, S. (2013). MEGA6: Molecular Evolutionary Genetics Analysis version 6.0. Molecular biology and evolution 30, 2725- 2729. https://doi.org/10.1093/molbev/mst197
  • Vimala, M., Stella Mary, S., Ramalakshmi, R., Muthu, S., Niranjana Devi, R., & Irfan, A. (2021). Quantum computational studies on optimization, donor-acceptor analysis and solvent effect on reactive sites, global descriptors, non-linear optical parameters of Methyl N-Boc-piperidine-3-carboxylate. Journal of Molecular Liquids 343, 117608. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molliq.2021.117608
  • Wang, M.S., Otecko, N.O., Wang, S., Wu, D.D., Yang, M.M., Xu, Y.L., Murphy, R.W., Peng, M.S., & Zhang, Y.P. (2017). An Evolutionary Genomic Perspective on the Breeding of Dwarf Chickens. Molecular biology and evolution 34, 3081-3088. https://doi.org/10.1093/molbev/msx227
  • Yang, J.R., Liao, B.Y., Zhuang, S.M., & Zhang, J. (2012). Protein misinteraction avoidance causes highly expressed proteins to evolve slowly. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 109, E831-840. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1117408109
  • Ying, F., Gu, H., Xiong, Y., & Zuo, B. (2017). Analysis of Differentially Expressed Genes in Gastrocnemius Muscle between DGAT1 Transgenic Mice and Wild-Type Mice. BioMed research international 2017, 5404682. https://doi.org/10.1155/2017/5404682
  • Agarwal, A.K., Tunison, K., Mitsche, M.A., McDonald, J.G., & Garg, A. (2019). Insights into lipid accumulation in skeletal muscle in dysferlin-deficient mice. Journal of lipid research 60, 2057-2073. https://doi.org/10.1194/jlr.RA119000399
  • Ahmad, H.I., Ahmad, M.J., Adeel, M.M., Asif, A.R., & Du, X. (2018). Positive selection drives the evolution of endocrine regulatory bone morphogenetic protein system in mammals. Oncotarget 9, 18435-18445. https://doi.org/10.18632/oncotarget.24240
  • Ahmad, H.I., Liu, G., Jiang, X., Liu, C., Chong, Y., & Huarong, H. (2017). Adaptive molecular evolution of MC1R gene reveals the evidence for positive diversifying selection in indigenous goat populations. Ecology and evolution 7, 5170-5180. https://doi.org/10.1002/ece3.2919
  • Ahmad, H.I., Liu, G.Q., Jiang, X.P., Liu, C.H., Chong, Y.Q., & Huang, H.R. (2017). Adaptive molecular evolution of MC1R gene reveals the evidence for positive diversifying selection in indigenous goat populations. Ecology and evolution 7, 5170-5180. https://doi.org/10.1002/ece3.2919
  • Ahmad, M.J., Ahmad, H.I., Adeel, M.M., Liang, A., Hua, G., Murtaza, S., Mirza, R.H., Elokil, A., Ullah, F., & Yang, L. (2019). Evolutionary Analysis of Makorin Ring Finger Protein 3 Reveals Positive Selection in Mammals. Evolutionary bioinformatics online 15, 1176934319834612. https://doi.org/10.1177/1176934319834612
  • Arbuckle, K. (2020). From molecules to macroevolution: Venom as a model system for evolutionary biology across levels of life. Toxicon: X 6, 100034. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.toxcx.2020.100034
  • Asif, A.R., Awais, M., Qadri, S., Ahmad, H.I., & Du, X. (2017). Positive selection of IL-33 in adaptive immunity of domestic Chinese goats. Ecology and evolution 7, 1954-1963. https://doi.org/10.1002/ece3.2813
  • Auclair, S., Rossetti, R., Meslin, C., Monestier, O., Di Pasquale, E., Pascal, G., Persani, L., & Fabre, S. (2013). Positive selection in bone morphogenetic protein 15 targets a natural mutation associated with primary ovarian insufficiency in human. PloS one 8, e78199. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0078199
  • Bakiu, R., Korro, K., & Santovito, G. (2015). Positive selection effects on the biochemical properties of mammal pyroglutamylated RFamide peptide receptor (QRFPR). Italian Journal of Zoology 82, 309-326. https://doi.org/10.1080/11250003.2015.1018352
  • Ball, G.F., & Balthazart, J. (2021). Evolutionary neuroscience: Are the brains of birds and mammals really so different? Current biology: CB 31, R840-R842. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2021.05.004
  • Barbour, K.W., Xing, Y.Y., Pena, E.A., & Berger, F.G. (2013). Characterization of the bipartite degron that regulates ubiquitin-independent degradation of thymidylate synthase. Bioscience Reports 33, 165-173. https://doi.org/10.1042/BSR20120112
  • Bartakova, V., Bryjova, A., Nicolas, V., Lavrenchenko, L.A., & Bryja, J. (2021). Mitogenomics of the endemic Ethiopian rats: looking for footprints of adaptive evolution in sky islands. Mitochondrion 57, 182-191. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mito.2020.12.015
  • Bovenhuis, H., Visker, M., Poulsen, N.A., Sehested, J., van Valenberg, H., van Arendonk, J., Larsen, L.B., & Buitenhuis, A.J. (2016). Effects of the diacylglycerol o- acyltransferase 1 (DGAT1) K232A polymorphism on fatty acid, protein, and mineral composition of dairy cattle milk. Journal of Dairy Science 99, 3113-3123. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2015-10462
  • Canon-Beltran, K., Giraldo-Giraldo, J., Cajas, Y.N., Beltran-Brena, P., Hidalgo, C.O., Vasquez, N., Leal, C.L.V., Gutierrez-Adan, A., Gonzalez, E.M., & Rizos, D. (2020). Inhibiting diacylglycerol acyltransferase-1 reduces lipid biosynthesis in bovine blastocysts produced in vitro. Theriogenology 158, 267-276. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.theriogenology.2020.09.014
  • Chitraju, C., Walther, T.C., Farese, & R.V., Jr. (2019). The triglyceride synthesis enzymes DGAT1 and DGAT2 have distinct and overlapping functions in adipocytes. Journal of lipid research 60, 1112-1120. https://doi.org/10.1194/jlr.M093112
  • Da, S.V.D., Polveiro, R.C., Butler, T.J., Hackett, T.A., Braga, C.P., Puniya, B.L., Teixeira, W.F.P., de, M.P.P., Adamec, J., & Feitosa, F.L.F. (2021). An in silico, structural, and biological analysis of lactoferrin of different mammals. International journal of biological macromolecules 187, 119-126. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.07.102
  • Farmanullah, Hosseini, S.M., Liang, A., Hua, G., Rehman, Z.U., Talpur, H.S., Salim, M., Ahmad, S., Abulaiti, A., Khan, M., Safdar, M., Kakar, I.U., Ahmad, Z., Ahmad, M.Z., Tingzhu, Y., Schreurs, N.M., Bano, I., & Yang, L. (2020). Adaptive Molecular Evolution of AKT3 Gene for Positive Diversifying Selection in Mammals. BioMed research international 2020, 2584627. https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/2584627
  • Franceschini, A., Szklarczyk, D., Frankild, S., Kuhn, M., Simonovic, M., Roth, A., Lin, J., Minguez, P., Bork, P., von Mering, C., & Jensen, L.J. (2013). STRING v9.1: protein- protein interaction networks, with increased coverage and integration. Nucleic acids research 41, D808-815. https://doi.org/10.1093/nar/gks1094
  • Goto, H., Miyamoto, M., & Kihara, A. (2021). Direct uptake of sphingosine-1-phosphate independent of phospholipid phosphatases. The Journal of Biological Chemistry 296, 100605. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbc.2021.100605
  • Hua, C., Geng, Y., Niu, L., Chen, Q., Cai, L., Tao, S., Ni, Y., & Zhao, R. (2018). Stimulating lipolysis in subcutaneous adipose tissues by chronic dexamethasone administration in goats. Livestock Science 214, 62-67. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.livsci.2018.05.020
  • Jakobiec, F.A., Barrantes, P.C., Yonekawa, Y., Lad, E.M., & Proia, A.D. (2021). Subretinal Mononuclear Cells in Coats' Disease Studied with RPE65 and CD163: Evidence for Histiocytoid Pigment Epithelial Cells. American journal of ophthalmology 222, 388-396. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajo.2020.09.020
  • Jay, A.G., Simard, J.R., Huang, N., & Hamilton, J.A. (2020). SSO and other putative inhibitors of FA transport across membranes by CD36 disrupt intracellular metabolism, but do not affect FA translocation. Journal of lipid research 61, 790-807. https://doi.org/10.1194/jlr.RA120000648
  • Karis, P., Jaakson, H., Ling, K., Bruckmaier, R.M., Gross, J.J., Parn, P., Kaart, T., & Ots, M. (2020). Body condition and insulin resistance interactions with periparturient gene expression in adipose tissue and lipid metabolism in dairy cows. Journal of Dairy Science 103, 3708-3718. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2019-17373
  • Li, H., Zhao, X., Wang, J., Zong, M., & Yang, H. (2017). Bioinformatics analysis of gene expression profile data to screen key genes involved in pulmonary sarcoidosis. Gene 596, 98-104. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gene.2016.09.037
  • Liu, J., Wang, Z., Li, J., Li, H., & Yang, L. (2020). Genome-wide identification of Diacylglycerol Acyltransferases (DGAT) family genes influencing Milk production in Buffalo. BMC genetics 21, 26. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12863-020-0832-y
  • Ma, D., Wang, Z., Merrikh, C.N., Lang, K.S., Lu, P., Li, X., Merrikh, H., Rao, Z., & Xu, W. (2018). Crystal structure of a membrane- bound O-acyltransferase. Nature 562, 286- 290. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-018- 0568-2
  • Madende, M., & Osthoff, G. (2019). Comparative genomics of casein genes. The Journal of Dairy Research 86, 323-330.Madende, M., & Osthoff, G. (2019). Comparative genomics of casein genes. Th. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022029919000414
  • Maraschin, F.D.S., Kulcheski, F.R., Segatto, A.L.A., Trenz, T.S., Barrientos-Diaz, O., Margis-Pinheiro, M., Margis, R., & Turchetto-Zolet, A.C. (2019). Enzymes of glycerol-3-phosphate pathway in triacylglycerol synthesis in plants: Function, biotechnological application and evolution. Progress in lipid research 73, 46-64. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.plipres.2018.12.001
  • Mulaudzi-Masuku, T., Ikebudu, V., Muthevhuli, M., Faro, A., Gehring, C.A., & Iwuoha, E. (2019). Characterization and Expression Analysis of Heme Oxygenase Genes from Sorghum bicolor. Bioinformatics and biology insights 13, 1177932219860813. https://doi.org/10.1177/1177932219860813
  • Onodera, W., Asahi, T., & Sawamura, N. (2019). Positive selection of cereblon modified function including its E3 ubiquitin ligase activity and binding efficiency with AMPK. Molecular phylogenetics and evolution 135, 78-85. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2019.03.001
  • Pasquali, C.C., Islam, Z., Adamoski, D., Ferreira, I.M., Righeto, R.D., Bettini, J., Portugal, R.V., Yue, W.W.-y., Gonzalez, A., Dias, S.M.G., & Ambrosio, A.L.B. (2017). The origin and evolution of human glutaminases and their atypical C-terminal ankyrin repeats. Journal of Biological Chemistry 292, 11572-11585. https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.M117.787291
  • Pond, S.K., & Muse, S.V. (2005). Site-to-site variation of synonymous substitution rates. Molecular biology and evolution 22, 2375- 2385. https://doi.org/10.1093/molbev/msi232
  • Rao, V.S., Srinivas, K., Sujini, G.N., & Kumar, G.N. (2014). Protein-protein interaction detection: methods and analysis. International journal of proteomics 2014, 147648. https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/147648
  • Tabaran, A., Balteanu, V.A., Gal, E., Pusta, D., Mihaiu, R., Dan, S.D., Tabaran, A.F., & Mihaiu, M. (2015). Influence of DGAT1 K232A polymorphism on milk fat percentage and fatty acid profiles in Romanian Holstein cattle. Animal biotechnology 26, 105-111. https://doi.org/10.1080/10495398.2014.933740
  • Tamura, K., Stecher, G., Peterson, D., Filipski, A., & Kumar, S. (2013). MEGA6: Molecular Evolutionary Genetics Analysis version 6.0. Molecular biology and evolution 30, 2725- 2729. https://doi.org/10.1093/molbev/mst197
  • Vimala, M., Stella Mary, S., Ramalakshmi, R., Muthu, S., Niranjana Devi, R., & Irfan, A. (2021). Quantum computational studies on optimization, donor-acceptor analysis and solvent effect on reactive sites, global descriptors, non-linear optical parameters of Methyl N-Boc-piperidine-3-carboxylate. Journal of Molecular Liquids 343, 117608. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molliq.2021.117608
  • Wang, M.S., Otecko, N.O., Wang, S., Wu, D.D., Yang, M.M., Xu, Y.L., Murphy, R.W., Peng, M.S., & Zhang, Y.P. (2017). An Evolutionary Genomic Perspective on the Breeding of Dwarf Chickens. Molecular biology and evolution 34, 3081-3088. https://doi.org/10.1093/molbev/msx227
  • Yang, J.R., Liao, B.Y., Zhuang, S.M., & Zhang, J. (2012). Protein misinteraction avoidance causes highly expressed proteins to evolve slowly. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 109, E831-840. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1117408109
  • Ying, F., Gu, H., Xiong, Y., & Zuo, B. (2017). Analysis of Differentially Expressed Genes in Gastrocnemius Muscle between DGAT1 Transgenic Mice and Wild-Type Mice. BioMed research international 2017, 5404682. https://doi.org/10.1155/2017/5404682

Cite this article

    APA : Ali, A., Bakhtiari, M. N., & Shahid, A. (2023). Prescribing Practices of Broad-Spectrum Antibiotics in Tertiary Care Hospital. Global Drug Design & Development Review, VIII(III), 34-46. https://doi.org/10.31703/gdddr.2023(VIII-III).04
    CHICAGO : Ali, Ahmad, Maria Naz Bakhtiari, and Amna Shahid. 2023. "Prescribing Practices of Broad-Spectrum Antibiotics in Tertiary Care Hospital." Global Drug Design & Development Review, VIII (III): 34-46 doi: 10.31703/gdddr.2023(VIII-III).04
    HARVARD : ALI, A., BAKHTIARI, M. N. & SHAHID, A. 2023. Prescribing Practices of Broad-Spectrum Antibiotics in Tertiary Care Hospital. Global Drug Design & Development Review, VIII, 34-46.
    MHRA : Ali, Ahmad, Maria Naz Bakhtiari, and Amna Shahid. 2023. "Prescribing Practices of Broad-Spectrum Antibiotics in Tertiary Care Hospital." Global Drug Design & Development Review, VIII: 34-46
    MLA : Ali, Ahmad, Maria Naz Bakhtiari, and Amna Shahid. "Prescribing Practices of Broad-Spectrum Antibiotics in Tertiary Care Hospital." Global Drug Design & Development Review, VIII.III (2023): 34-46 Print.
    OXFORD : Ali, Ahmad, Bakhtiari, Maria Naz, and Shahid, Amna (2023), "Prescribing Practices of Broad-Spectrum Antibiotics in Tertiary Care Hospital", Global Drug Design & Development Review, VIII (III), 34-46
    TURABIAN : Ali, Ahmad, Maria Naz Bakhtiari, and Amna Shahid. "Prescribing Practices of Broad-Spectrum Antibiotics in Tertiary Care Hospital." Global Drug Design & Development Review VIII, no. III (2023): 34-46. https://doi.org/10.31703/gdddr.2023(VIII-III).04