ARTICLE

INCIDENCE OF FATTY LIVER AND ITS CORRELATION WITH THE DIABETES MELLITUS IN THE GENERAL POPULATION

  1. HOME
  2. ARTICLE

04 Pages : 20-29

http://dx.doi.org/10.31703/gdddr.2022(VII-IV).04      10.31703/gdddr.2022(VII-IV).04      Published : Dec 2022

Incidence of Fatty Liver and its Correlation with the Diabetes Mellitus in the General Population

Abstract

    This article provides a concise summary of metabolic syndrome and diabetes mellitus in relevance to the enhanced likelihood of developing cardiovascular disease (CVD) in people with type 2 diabetes (DM2). It lists potential cardiovascular disease risk factors that explain why DM2 patients are prone to acquire CVD. T2DM and NAFLD diseases are caused by pathophysiological problems, such as being too fat and not responding well to insulin. NAFLD may be a sign of CVD and death in T2DM patients, who are at the edge of developing liver disease that leads to death. 10% of people who suffer from DM2 also have non-alcoholic steatohepatitis. Diet and exercise are helpful. Drugs like pioglitazone are used to improve insulin sensitivity, and antioxidants are used to reduce oxidative stress (such as vitamin E). But no one knows yet if these drugs are dangerous in the long run or if they can help reduce fibrosis.

    Diabetes, Steatohepatitis, Pioglitazone, Hepatic Steatosis, Cardiovascular Disease

    (1) Faryal Kifayat
    Peshawar Medical College, Peshawar, KP, Pakistan.
    (2) Muhammad Tahir
    Assistant Professor, Federal Medical College, Islamabad, Pakistan.
    (3) Asad Ullah
    Assistant Professor, Department of Radiology, Mufti Mehmood Teaching Hospital, Dera Ismail Khan, KP, Pakistan.
    (4) Bashir Khan
    Assistant Professor, Department of Biochemistry, Pak International Medical College, Hayatabad, Peshawar, KP, Pakistan.
    (5) Faridullah Shah
    Associate Professor, Department of Biochemistry, Pak International Medical College, Hayatabad, Peshawar, KP, Pakistan
    (6) Tania Naveel
    Jinnah University for Women, Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan
Fulltext PDF

References

  • Ahadi, M., Molooghi, K., Masoudifar, N., Namdar, A. B., Vossoughinia, H., & Farzanehfar, M. (2021). A review of non- alcoholic fatty liver disease in non-obese and lean individuals. Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, 36(6), 1497-1507. https://doi.org/10.1111/jgh.15353
  • Ahsan, F., Oliveri, F., Goud, H. K., Mehkari, Z., Mohammed, L., Javed, M., & Rutkofsky, I. H. (2020). Pleiotropic effects of statins in the light of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis. Cureus, 12(9). https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.10446
  • Bhatt, K. N., Pranav, V., Dipika, Y., Dharmesh, N., Radhika, N., & Arvind, S. (2017). Prevalence of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in type 2 diabetes mellitus and its relation with insulin resistance in South Gujarat Region. Journal of Mahatma Gandhi Institute of Medical Sciences, 22(1), 8. https://doi.org/10.4103/0971-9903.202001
  • Bornfeldt, K. E., Linton, M. F., Fisher, E. A., & Guyton, J. R. (2021). JCL roundtable: lipids and inflammation in atherosclerosis. Journal of Clinical Lipidology, 15(1), 3-17. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacl.2021.01.005
  • Bostock-Cox, B. (2020). Pre-diabetes and cardiovascular risk: detonating the time bomb. Practice Nursing, 31(5), 200-205. https://doi.org/10.12968/pnur.2020.31.5.200
  • Caputo, T., Gilardi, F., & Desvergne, B. (2017). From chronic overnutrition to metaflammation and insulin resistance: adipose tissue and liver contributions. FEBS letters, 591(19), 3061-3088. https://doi.org/10.1002/1873-3468.12742
  • Cho, E. J., Jeong, S. M., Chung, G. E., Yoo, J. J., Cho, Y., Lee, K. N., & Han, K. (2023). Gamma-glutamyl transferase and risk of all- cause and disease-specific mortality: a nationwide cohort study. Scientific reports, 13(1), 1751. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-25970-0
  • Clifton, P. M. (2019). Diet, exercise and weight loss and dyslipidaemia. Pathology, 51(2), 222-226. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pathol.2018.10.013
  • Einarson, T. R., Acs, A., Ludwig, C., & Panton, U. H. (2018). Prevalence of cardiovascular disease in type 2 diabetes: a systematic literature review of scientific evidence from across the world in 2007–2017. Cardiovascular diabetology, 17(1), 1-19. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12933-018-0728-6
  • Engin, A. (2017). The definition and prevalence of obesity and metabolic syndrome. Obesity and lipotoxicity, 1-17. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-48382-5_1
  • Fonseca, M. I., de Almeida-Pititto, B., Bensenor, I. M., Toth, P. P., Jones, S. R., Blaha, M. J., & Group, E. B. R. (2019). Changes in lipoprotein subfractions following menopause in the Longitudinal Study of Adult Health (ELSA-Brasil). Maturitas, 130, 32-37. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.maturitas.2019.09.005
  • Francque, S. M., Marchesini, G., Kautz, A., Walmsley, M., Dorner, R., Lazarus, J. V., & Frühbeck, G. (2021). Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: A patient guideline. JHEP Reports, 3(5), 100322. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhepr.2021.100322
  • Fujii, H., Kawada, N., & Nafld, J. S. G. o. (2020). The role of insulin resistance and diabetes in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. International journal of molecular sciences, 21(11), 3863. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21113863
  • Galicia-Garcia, U., Benito-Vicente, A., Jebari, S., Larrea-Sebal, A., Siddiqi, H., Uribe, K. B., &Martín, C. (2020). Pathophysiology of type 2 diabetes mellitus. International journal of molecular sciences, 21(17), 6275. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21176275
  • Geidl-Flueck, B., & Gerber, P. A. (2017). Insights into the hexose liver metabolism—glucose versus fructose. Nutrients, 9(9), 1026. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu9091026
  • Gracen, L., Hayward, K. L., Aikebuse, M., Williams, S., Russell, A., O'Beirne, J., & Valery, P. C. (2022). An exploration of barriers and facilitators to implementing a nonalcoholic fatty liver disease pathway for people with type 2 diabetes in primary care. Diabetic Medicine, 39(6), e14799. https://doi.org/10.1111/dme.14799
  • Hai Nam, N., Taura, K., Koyama, Y., Nishio, T., Yamamoto, G., Uemoto, Y., & Yoshino, K. (2022). Increased Expressions of Programmed Death Ligand 1 and Galectin 9 in Transplant Recipients Who Achieved Tolerance After Immunosuppression Withdrawal. Liver Transplantation, 28(4), 647-658. https://doi.org/10.1002/lt.26336
  • Hartleb, M., Mastalerz-Migas, A., Kowalski, P., OkopieÅ„, B., Popovic, B., Proga, K., & CywiÅ„ska-Durczak, B. (2022). Healthcare practitioners’ diagnostic and treatment practice patterns of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in Poland: a cross-sectional survey. European Journal of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, 34(4), 426. https://doi.org/10.1097/MEG.0000000000002288
  • Ioannou, G. N., Weiss, N. S., Boyko, E. J., Mozaffarian, D., & Lee, S. P. (2006). Elevated serum alanine aminotransferase activity and calculated risk of coronary heart disease in the United States. Hepatology, 43(5), 1145-1151. https://doi.org/10.1002/hep.21171
  • Knuuti, J., & Revenco, V. (2020). 2019 ESC Guidelines for the diagnosis and management of chronic coronary syndromes. European heart journal, 41(5), 407-477. https://doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehz425
  • Krizanac, M., Mass Sanchez, P. B., Weiskirchen, R., & Asimakopoulos, A. (2021). A scoping review on Lipocalin-2 and Its role in non- alcoholic steatohepatitis and Hepatocellular carcinoma. International journal of molecular sciences, 22(6), 2865. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22062865
  • Lee, D. Y., Han, K., Yu, J. H., Park, S., Heo, J.-I., Seo, J. A., & Kim, S. M. (2020). Gamma- glutamyl transferase variability can predict the development of end-stage of renal disease: a nationwide population-based study. Scientific reports, 10(1), 11668. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-68603-0
  • Luukkonen, P. K., Qadri, S., Ahlholm, N., Porthan, K., Männistö, V., Sammalkorpi, H., & Gaggini, M. (2022). Distinct contributions of metabolic dysfunction and genetic risk factors in the pathogenesis of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Journal of hepatology, 76(3), 526-535. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhep.2021.10.013
  • Mahjoubin-Tehran, M., De Vincentis, A., Mikhailidis, D. P., Atkin, S. L., Mantzoros, C. S., Jamialahmadi, T., & Sahebkar, A. (2021). Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and steatohepatitis: State of the art on effective therapeutics based on the gold standard method for diagnosis. Molecular Metabolism, 50, 101049. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molmet.2020.101049
  • Mahmoud, I., & Sulaiman, N. (2019). Dyslipidaemia prevalence and associated risk factors in the United Arab Emirates: a population-based study. BMJ open, 9(11), e031969. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2019-031969
  • Meex, R. C., Blaak, E. E., & van Loon, L. J. (2019). Lipotoxicity plays a key role in the development of both insulin resistance and muscle atrophy in patients with type 2 diabetes. Obesity Reviews, 20(9), 1205-1217. https://doi.org/10.1111/obr.12862
  • Nyawo, T. A., Pheiffer, C., Mazibuko-Mbeje, S. E., Mthembu, S. X., Nyambuya, T. M., Nkambule, B. B., & Dludla, P. V. (2021). Physical exercise potentially targets epicardial adipose tissue to reduce cardiovascular disease risk in patients with metabolic diseases: oxidative stress and inflammation emerge as major therapeutic targets. Antioxidants, 10(11), 1758. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox10111758
  • Ogurtsova, K., da Rocha Fernandes, J., Huang, Y., Linnenkamp, U., Guariguata, L., Cho, N. H., & Makaroff, L. (2017). IDF Diabetes Atlas: Global estimates for the prevalence of diabetes for 2015 and 2040. Diabetes research and clinical practice, 128, 40-50. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.diabres.2017.03.024
  • Paik, J. M., Golabi, P., Younossi, Y., Mishra, A., & Younossi, Z. M. (2020). Changes in the global burden of chronic liver diseases from 2012 to 2017: the growing impact of NAFLD. Hepatology, 72(5), 1605-1616. https://doi.org/10.1002/hep.31173
  • Papakonstantinou, E., Oikonomou, C., Nychas, G., & Dimitriadis, G. D. (2022). Effects of diet, lifestyle, chrononutrition and alternative dietary interventions on postprandial glycemia and insulin resistance. Nutrients, 14(4), 823. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14040823
  • Park, S. K., Ryoo, J. H., Oh, C. M., Choi, J. M., Choi, Y. J., Lee, K. O., & Jung, J. Y. (2018). The risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus according to 2-h plasma glucose level: The Korean Genome and Epidemiology Study (KoGES). Diabetes research and clinical practice, 146, 130-137. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.diabres.2017.08.002
  • Polyzos, S. A., Kechagias, S., & Tsochatzis, E. A. (2021). Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and cardiovascular diseases: associations and treatment considerations. Alimentary pharmacology & therapeutics, 54(8), 1013- 1025. https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.16575
  • Rahman, M., Islam, F., Or-Rashid, M., Mamun, A. A., Rahaman, M., Islam, M., & Mimi, A. A. (2022). The gut microbiota (microbiome) in cardiovascular disease and its therapeutic regulation. Frontiers in Cellular and InfectionMicrobiology, 713. https://doi.org/10.3389/fcimb.2022.903570
  • Sivakrishnan, S., & Pharm, M. (2019). Liver disease overview. World Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 8(1), 1385-1395.
  • Sletten, A. C., Peterson, L. R., & Schaffer, J. E. (2018). Manifestations and mechanisms of myocardial lipotoxicity in obesity. Journal of internal medicine, 284(5), 478-491. https://doi.org/10.1111/joim.12728
  • Tsameret, S., Chapnik, N., & Froy, O. (2023). Differential Effect of Fructose in the Presence or Absence of Fatty Acids on Circadian Metabolism in Hepatocytes. Metabolites, 13(2), 138. https://doi.org/10.3390/metabo13020138
  • Vilar-Gomez, E., & Chalasani, N. (2018). Non- invasive assessment of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: Clinical prediction rules and blood-based biomarkers. Journal of hepatology, 68(2), 305-315. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhep.2017.11.013
  • Watt, M. J., Miotto, P. M., De Nardo, W., & Montgomery, M. K. (2019). The liver as an endocrine organ—linking NAFLD and insulin resistance. Endocrine reviews, 40(5), 1367-1393. https://doi.org/10.1210/er.2019-00034
  • Westfall, E., Jeske, R., & Bader, A. R. (2020). Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: common questions and answers on diagnosis and management. American family physician, 102(10), 603-612.
  • Won, Y. B., Seo, S. K., Yun, B. H., Cho, S., Choi, Y. S., & Lee, B. S. (2021). Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in polycystic ovary syndrome women. Scientific reports, 11(1), 7085. https://doi.org/10.3748/wjg.v20.i26.8351

Cite this article

APA

    APA : Kifayat, F., Tahir, M., & Ullah, A. (2022). Incidence of Fatty Liver and its Correlation with the Diabetes Mellitus in the General Population. Global Drug Design & Development Review, VII(IV), 20-29. https://doi.org/10.31703/gdddr.2022(VII-IV).04

CHICAGO

    CHICAGO : Kifayat, Faryal, Muhammad Tahir, and Asad Ullah. 2022. "Incidence of Fatty Liver and its Correlation with the Diabetes Mellitus in the General Population." Global Drug Design & Development Review, VII (IV): 20-29 doi: 10.31703/gdddr.2022(VII-IV).04

HARVARD

    HARVARD : KIFAYAT, F., TAHIR, M. & ULLAH, A. 2022. Incidence of Fatty Liver and its Correlation with the Diabetes Mellitus in the General Population. Global Drug Design & Development Review, VII, 20-29.

MHRA

    MHRA : Kifayat, Faryal, Muhammad Tahir, and Asad Ullah. 2022. "Incidence of Fatty Liver and its Correlation with the Diabetes Mellitus in the General Population." Global Drug Design & Development Review, VII: 20-29

MLA

    MLA : Kifayat, Faryal, Muhammad Tahir, and Asad Ullah. "Incidence of Fatty Liver and its Correlation with the Diabetes Mellitus in the General Population." Global Drug Design & Development Review, VII.IV (2022): 20-29 Print.

OXFORD

    OXFORD : Kifayat, Faryal, Tahir, Muhammad, and Ullah, Asad (2022), "Incidence of Fatty Liver and its Correlation with the Diabetes Mellitus in the General Population", Global Drug Design & Development Review, VII (IV), 20-29

TURABIAN

    TURABIAN : Kifayat, Faryal, Muhammad Tahir, and Asad Ullah. "Incidence of Fatty Liver and its Correlation with the Diabetes Mellitus in the General Population." Global Drug Design & Development Review VII, no. IV (2022): 20-29. https://doi.org/10.31703/gdddr.2022(VII-IV).04